,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,==> (enchant: ?page, (background: red + black)) In the summer of 2030, West Africa unleashed yet another monster hurricane for the Atlantic hurricane season[[...|beg2]] (text-style:"fade-in-out") [(Press the three dots to continue)] =><= ##(text-color: cyan)+(text-style: "rumble")[[HURRICANE XAVIER|beg3]] (text-size:0.5)[[[Skip to Landing|trans1]]] ###(text-color: yellow+white)[Having consistently faced these hurricanes in the past, we thought we were as ready as we usually were with our “if the house stays” and “if the house goes” preparation in Dominica. Over the years, hurricanes came in larger clusters, took unusual patterns and sometimes developed very quickly in the Caribbean](text-color:cyan)[[[...|beg4]]] ###(text-color: yellow+white)[Climate change effort and accommodation was in the air but environmentally damaging activity continued as the world was hit with other troubles casting a blind eye to global warming. That summer glaringly reminded the world of its folly as hurricanes battered the Caribbean and turned north to finish off the Americas and Britain](text-colour:cyan)[[[...|beg 5]]] ###(text-color: yellow+white)[Along the Layou River, we took our precautions and stayed away from the river. Many moved to other communities or escaped during Hurricane Xavier. There was more rain than wind](text-color:cyan)[[[...->beg 6]] ] ##(text-color:red)+(font: "courier new")+(text-style:"shadow")[After the hurricane we found that there was nothing to go back to][[...|beg7]] ###(text-colour:black)[During the life span of the storm, a dam had built up from landslides between the mountains of Carholm and Warner and subsequently burst, spreading destruction at the river’s path. The river had been filled so much that it paved the banks miles out in a sheet of gravel and a wide span of low level water flowing into the sea][[...|beg8]] ###(text-color:black)[Here, in this year 2065, is what we have accomplished:] --- (text-size:2)+(text-color:red)[ =|= [[Residential|res1]] ==|= [[Fishing|fi1]] ==|= [[Agriculture|ag1]]] |==| ==|= ==|= ==|= [[Bibliography]] |==|##(text-colour:black)+(background:(hsl:206,1,0.9078,0.7))[Fishing] --- \ (text-colour:black)+(background:(hsl:206,1,0.9078,0.7))[Next to Agriculture, fishing is a major livelyhood in Layou Valley. In the first leg of recovery, little to no fishing could be done until a time after the area healed from dredging work. River sediment permeated the shores and fishermen from nearby communities did not patronize our waters. When the condition of both the river and sea stabilized, residents were in the process of moving and the marina was already ahead under construction, we remained positive fishing would return to Layou as fruitful as it once was. In the meantime fishermen had gone far out to fish for the village. By the time the [[marina]] and [[fisheries’ building]] was done, small craft was able to fish nearer to Layou and Layou’s famous titiwi came back on the market. The marina and fisheries building gave a motivation to fishermen in Layou and surroundings. The Fisheries Association donated two industrial fishing boats to Layou which are used in moderation to avoid overfishing. All the common [[fish]] had returned and bred and sparked commerce taking the fishing industry in Layou further than primary products. [[ The Fish Stop]] located near the bridge in Layou is a restaurant/bar which provides boats, freezer and all other gears necessary for their employees who are fishermen themselves. All the electrical equipment used is solar powered. By the time life returned to normalcy, fishing was a booming industry in Layou again. [[Titiwi Festival]] is always more lively than the last. We are advocates of sustainable fishing here in Layou. Fishing sustainably involves minimizing the negative impacts of fishing on the environment, avoiding overfishing, and flexibility to environmental changes like water temperature or mineral construct ("Climate change and fishing", 2021). We are looking to get into fish farming/aquaculture but the plans are still in the making. [[Go Back|trans1]] Previously:[[Residential|res1]] Next Up:[[Agriculture|ag1]] ] ##(background:(hsl:210,0.1081,0.7098,0.85))[Agriculture] --- (background:(hsl:210,0.1081,0.7098,0.85))[The available land was cleared from silt to restore firm ground useable for planting. The Valley's water source remained in Portsmouth so as to speed up recovery in the case of another incident with the Layou River. Our team decided that farm land would be distributed according to farming families previous land ownership and ability to maintain commerce in the [[industry]]. ###Movements in Agricultural Support: (text-color:white)[ * [[Farming Land]] * [[Crossing The River]] * [[Livestock Safety Support]] [[Go Back|trans1]] ]]##(text-colour:black)+(background:(hsl:336,1,0.9353,0.85))[Residential] --- \ (text-colour:black)+(background:(hsl:336,1,0.9353,0.85))[As families returned, [[home assignment]] was assisted. Neighborhoods were arranged similar (socially) to how they were before. These homes, however, were spaced better and more [[hurricane resistant]]. They were also located a measured distance away from the river’s [[natural path]]. Residents were also given the opportunity to pay for land instead of homes for their own use. In addition, (how much yard space) behind and in front of homes allowed [[home gardens]] and [[village shops]] to be opened as they naturally occurred before. Cleared land as a commercial space remained to allow bigger businesses to open up branches in the area. Businesses such as Gardening Plus, a new up and coming business set up a warehouse in the area recently along with a branch of Miniya's 7/11. The most prevalent religious groups in the village are Seven Day Adventists, Methodist and Catholics as such, the main village, Layou, catered to these groups. Our team disseminated the land plots where the three religious buildings were built by their respective church. The school remained in the village of St. Joseph and catered well to the Layou Valley villages so we only built a recreation center for a daycare, sports courts and computer labs. From this building persons can register for river tubing in the Layou river. [[Wind breaker]] trees were grown around homes and on hills edges to maintain soil retention. These trees take the brunt of the high winds and set roots deep in the soil that hinder erosion. We also set up festival grounds in the villages for events such as [[Titiwi Festival]], which is a well-known traditional celebration in Layou, and [[Environmental Awareness Month]] which we take very seriously to give back to nature. [[Go Back|trans1]] Jump to: [[Fishing|fi1]] [[Agriculture|ag1]] ] ] ###10 years had passed before my team and I returned to what was once our home with a conviction to rebuild[[...|trans1]] ##(background:(hsl:210,0.1081,0.7098,0.85))[Agriculture] --- (background:(hsl:210,0.1081,0.7098,0.85))[ Dominica, in the time after rebuilding, reached deeper into agriculture as an economic driver and it became more competitive whereby economies of scale benefited farmers who experienced it. Smaller farmers could not go very far in the reigional market not in supplying businesses consistently and so supplied the Roseau market. [[Go Back|ag1]] ]##(background:(hsl:210,0.1081,0.7098,0.85))[Agriculture] --- (background:(hsl:210,0.1081,0.7098,0.85))[With the support of the Farmer’s Association in their rehabilitation movement, we were able to stimulate a return of farmers to Layou Valley by providing a limited amount of equipment for animal handling and mobility. =><= <img src="https://roadstars.mercedes-benz.com/content/dam/mercedes-benz-trucks/common/magazine/transport/04-2018/cattle-transport-stephanes-actros-2558-has-a-clever-body/images/header/cattle-transport-stephanes-actros-2558-has-a-clever-body-header-01.jpg" width="550px" height="300px"> (text-size:0.5)[Cattle-carrying Truck Credit:Olivier BOS] <== [[Go Back|Farming Land]] ]##(background:(hsl:210,0.1081,0.7098,0.85))[Agriculture] --- (background:(hsl:210,0.1081,0.7098,0.85)) [This market sells the products of the communities in Layou Valley. The arrangement for the marketplace is that the structures are collapsible and storeable when there is the threat of hurricanes. It is also mobile and can be relocated for the circumstances that require it. Though the first set up was made in stainless steel and is still being used today, the structures can be made using materials found in the environment and follows a simple plan that all farmers are taught so that it is easily reconstructed after a hurricane if it was destroyed. [[Go Back|Farming Land]] ]##(background:(hsl:210,0.1081,0.7098,0.85))[Agriculture] --- (background:(hsl:210,0.1081,0.7098,0.85))[Root crops such as tannia, dasheen, sweet potato, beets and yam. <img src="http://www.clovegarden.com/ingred/img/ym_name02g.jpg"> <img src="https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/primary_image_in_article/public/image_nodes/sweet-potatoes_ssbonnietaylorbarry.jpg?itok=tkKQOJFP" width="400px" height="300px"> (text-size:0.5) [(first) Yam ``(Credit:Andrew Grygus)``, (second) Sweet Potato ``(Credit:Bonnie Taylor Barry/Shutterstock)``] [[Go Back|Farming Land]] ]##(background:(hsl:210,0.1081,0.7098,0.85))[Agriculture] --- (background:(hsl:210,0.1081,0.7098,0.85))[ Hydroponic gardening is a method of growing plants using a solution of nutrients needed by the plants. This way the plant receives all the necessary nutrients as it is demanded and does not have to send roots far out. This allows the plant to expend energy in becoming greater in quality. This method allows a more manageable greenhouse arrangement and reduces many risks associated with soil farming (Travor,2016). In the hurricane season or times of unstable weather conditions, the trays can be covered or stored and protected until it is safe. Read More Here: * (link: "Aquaponics")[(goto-url: 'https://thefishsite.com/articles/aquaponics-explained#:~:text=Aquaponics%20is%20the%20union%20of,both%20plant%20and%20fish%20crops.')] * (link: "Hdroponics")[(goto-url: 'http://www.israelagri.com/?CategoryID=484&ArticleID=1269#:~:text=Hydroponics%20is%20a%20method%20for,and%20promote%20its%20commercial%20success.')] [[Go Back|Farming Land]] ] ##(background:(hsl:210,0.1081,0.7098,0.85))[Agriculture] --- ####(background:(hsl:210,0.1081,0.7098,0.85))[Farming Land] (background:(hsl:210,0.1081,0.7098,0.85))[ [[Farmers]] and households interested in farming were given seedlings, bulbs and tubers to restart their farms. These farms supply the [[local market]] located near the main road. It is open to people passing through Layou and is smaller than the Roseau market. Due to the permanent threat of the river, unrelenting weather and unstable atmospheric conditions, we decided that Layou would specialize in [[ground crops]] which cannot easily be destroyed; that way, we limit the losses of fields being taken down by hurricanes or extreme dry seasons.(Acevedo et al., 2020) In addition, we engaged in a bit of [[hydroponics]]. Not many families were able to sustain the practice but a few large families came together to manage the large shallow-rooted crop production farm. Here, they do not use soil and the farm is mobile and better able to be secured in addition to being weed free and more accessible. Next Up: [[Crossing The River]] [[Go Back|ag1]]]##(background:(hsl:210,0.1081,0.7098,0.85))[Agriculture] --- ####(background:(hsl:210,0.1081,0.7098,0.85))[Crossing The River] (background:(hsl:210,0.1081,0.7098,0.85))[ The bridge was fixed and remodeled to be much higher than the water with better support as depicted below: &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<img src="https://www.dot.state.mn.us/historicbridges/bridge/5718/image1-reduced.jpg"> (text-size:0.5)[Credit:MnDOT] The river banks were also raised after successful river dredging and return of river [[marine life]]. ==|= Previously: [[Farming Land]] [[Go Back|ag1]] ==|= Next Up: [[Livestock Safety Support]] |==| ]##(background:(hsl:210,0.1081,0.7098,0.85))[Agriculture] --- ####(background:(hsl:210,0.1081,0.7098,0.85))[Livestock Safety Support] (background:(hsl:210,0.1081,0.7098,0.85))[ Farmers who applied for livestock support received the option to build a hurricane resistant [[ruminant shelter]] for small livestock which is made to shelter animals during the hurricane season and aid the farmer with maintenance after the storm. The design has improved based on the FAO model implemented in St Lucia in 2013. The ‘cash crop’ livestock are chickens (for eggs and food) and small ruminants making these the most important to protect. Bunkers for larger animals became too problematic and solutions are still in discussion. ==|= Previously: [[Crossing The River]] [[Go Back|ag1]] ==|= More Information:[[Landing|trans1]] |==| ]##(background:(hsl:210,0.1081,0.7098,0.85))[Agriculture] --- (background:(hsl:210,0.1081,0.7098,0.85))[Titiwi (scientifically called salangidae) and river mouth dwelling fish had returned and fishermen did not have to go too far out to catch enough fish anymore. (See [[Fishing|fi1]]) [[Go Back|Crossing The River]] ]##(background:(hsl:210,0.1081,0.7098,0.85))[Agriculture] --- (background:(hsl:210,0.1081,0.7098,0.85)) [This shelter came like a “Noah's ark” for farmers during the hurricane season. This shelter has developed over the years taking on the same resilience as hurricane resistant homes. The reinforced ties ensured its security. The new designs are bigger and leave enough space for frightened animals to move around and for pregnant or nursing animals to find a good corner to protect their young. More: See the archetype (link: "here")[(goto-url: 'http://www.fao.org/3/CA3022EN/ca3022en.pdf')] [[Go Back|Livestock Safety Support]] ]##(text-colour:black)+(background:(hsl:336,1,0.9353,0.85))[Residential] --- \ (text-colour:black)+(background:(hsl:336,1,0.9353,0.85))[This was done according to the recollection of locals and geological discovery in 2037. A large study was done whereby to properly prepare for and plan around natural disasters. The appropriate ministries conducted an analysis and investigation of the water bodies in Dominica, especially rivers. This was to aid restoration and proper home placement around rivers. The paths of many rivers appeared to be deviated from their natural course which gave light to flash flooding incidents. Since then, communities have been more wary of the marked areas called “river-zones” where rivers are known to flood in heavy rains. [[Go back|res1]] ]##(text-colour:black)+(background:(hsl:336,1,0.9353,0.85))[Residential] --- \ (text-colour:black)+(background:(hsl:336,1,0.9353,0.85))[10x30ft of fertile land was arranged in front of or behind homes for families to engage in subsistence farming of a diverse range of crops. [[Go Back|res1]] ]##(text-colour:black)+(background:(hsl:336,1,0.9353,0.85))[Residential] --- \ (text-colour:black)+(background:(hsl:336,1,0.9353,0.85))[With a culture of small business people operating grocery shops and other small businesses at home, we could only encourage it. For years, village shops have remained convenient and kept communities close knit. As the economy grew, village shops took on a more ‘formal’ presence but remained close to homes or in the downstairs of homes. Village shops occur naturally and so we figured that arranging a commerce area may have to be put off until it became more necessary. [[Go Back|res1]] ] ##(text-colour:black)+(background:(hsl:336,1,0.9353,0.85))[Residential] --- \ (text-colour:black)+(background:(hsl:336,1,0.9353,0.85))[Manage the wind power to a field or home in a windy place or hurricane-threatened location by strategically choosing and placing trees in the wind’s direction. The trees act as both a buffer and a diversion for harsh winds in agricultural fields and for homes in addition to combatting soil erosion. (Alemu, 2016). <img src="https://omegamanjournal.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/t0122e0e.gif?w=584&h=321"> (text-size: 0.5)[Credit:FAO] [[Go Back|res1]] ](text-colour:black)+(background:(hsl:33,1,0.9,0.8))[ ##Bibliography --- 0. Acevedo, M., Pixley, K., Zinyengere, N., Meng, S., Tufan, H., & Cichy, K. et al. (2020). A scoping review of adoption of climate-resilient crops by small-scale producers in low- and middle-income countries. Nature Plants, 6(10), 1231-1241. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-020-00783-z 0. Alemu, M.M. (2016). Ecological Benefits of Trees as Windbreaks and Shelterbelts. International Journal of Ecosystem, 6, 10-13. 0. The BoatUS Marine Insurance Program Guide to: PREPARING BOATS & MARINAS FOR HURRICANES. (2018), 6. https://www.boatus.com/hurricanes/HurricaneWarning.pdf. 0. Climate change and fishing |. Msc.org. (2021). Retrieved from https://www.msc.org/what-we-are-doing/oceans-at-risk/climate-change-and-fishing. 0. Rodriguez, J. (2019). How Much Cost Will Hurricane-Resistant Windows Add?. The Balance Small Business. Retrieved from https://www.thebalancesmb.com/how-much-cost-will-a-hurricane-resistant-window-add-844562#:~:text=Windows%20that%20are%20marketed%20as,%2Dvinyl%20acetate%20(EVA). 0. Tavor, S. (2016). Hydroponics- a new method of growing crops without soil. Israelagri.com. Retrieved fromhttp://www.israelagri.com/?CategoryID=484&ArticleID=1269#:~:text=Hydroponics%20is%20a%20method%20for,and%20promote%20its%20commercial%20success. 0. Tokgoz, B., & Gheorghe, A. (2013). Resilience quantification and its application to a residential building subject to hurricane winds. International Journal Of Disaster Risk Science, 4(3), 105-114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-013-0012-z [[Go Back|trans1]] ] ##(text-colour:black)+(background:(hsl:336,1,0.9353,0.85))[Residential] --- \ (text-colour:black)+(background:(hsl:336,1,0.9353,0.85))[ ###How They Gained Ownership of Homes: In a mortgage style arrangement, residents were given a grace period of 5-8 years before payments needed to be made for the house in installments arranged with the national bank. Records taken from Ministry of Housing indicated which lands belonged to whom, allowing us to buy the land in order to restore and use it for residential development as other uses. [[Go Back|res1]] ]##(text-colour:black)+(background:(hsl:336,1,0.9353,0.85))[Residential] --- \ (text-colour:black)+(background:(hsl:336,1,0.9353,0.85))[The homes were designed with two stories. There are three bedrooms, two bathrooms, a living-room/dining room space, a balcony and porch, a front or back garden (depending on its position), and a small attic space. Solar panel water heaters were installed on the roofs. Building a hurricane resilient home means building using methods that limit the damage done to a home during a hurricane while providing safety for the family inside. Resilience itself can be defined by the ability to recover quickly after damage is done (Tokgoz & Gheorghe, 2013). A few ways in which the homes are made hurricane-proof, is by making the walls out of concrete sheets instead of blocks and reinforcing the roof with a wind resistant concrete system. This way a sheet of concrete on top of insulators and steel framework lay underneath the top covering of the roof (usually galvanize). &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <img src="https://ecosmartinc.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/catroof3_faq2-300x202.jpg"> (text-size: 0.5)[Credit:Eco-Smart] The houses also have hurricane-proof glass. This just means that layers of a tape-like material in the layers of glass make the glass able to withstand a certain level of blows. When the glass breaks after a particularly hard blow, usually at 140mph winds, all pieces of glass remain trapped and the window continues to protect the family inside the home (Rodriguez, 2019). Hurricane connectors are also used at the wooden framework of the roofs. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <img src="https://www.akvmroofing.com/images/hurricane-roof-rafter-tie-florida.jpg"> (text-size: 0.5)[Credit: AKVM Roofing] [[Go Back|res1]] ]##(text-colour:black)+(background:(hsl:336,1,0.9353,0.85))[Residential] --- \ (text-colour:black)+(background:(hsl:336,1,0.9353,0.85))[During Environmental Awareness Month, The Layou Valley Expanse gives back to nature and gives the environment time to heal. We engage in activities like: * Going out in fishing boats to feed fish * Cleaning of the sea floor and shores * Care for wild trees and flowers * Mild feeding of wild livestock * Reduced fishing for recreation [[Go Back|res1]] ]##(text-colour:black)+(background:(hsl:206,1,0.9078,0.7))[Fishing] --- \ (text-colour:black)+(background:(hsl:206,1,0.9078,0.7))[ Since the year 2007, Layou has hosted the Titiwi Festival. This is celebrated in the last weekend of september every year when the fish, scientifically called salangidae, are more prevalent at the shore according to their lunar cycle. At this event, locals get creative with titiwi dishes such as titiwi acra, dried salte titiwi, broth and other fish meals. There is usually ziplining, river tubing, games, music and art exhibits to enjoy along with the good food. Recently, The Fish Spot has been hosting Kareoke and more businesses have gotten involved in the celebrations. It is always a memorable event. <img src="https://dominicagourmet.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/titiwi-accra-scaled.jpg" width="400px" height="550px"> (text-size:0.5)[Titiwi Acra Credit:Dominica Gourmet] Go to [[Fishing|fi1]] ]##(text-colour:black)+(background:(hsl:206,1,0.9078,0.7))[Fishing] --- \ (text-colour:black)+(background:(hsl:206,1,0.9078,0.7))[At the marina we have an 80 foot long jetty made of large stones from the river as and wood with boats docked on both sides. Anytime a storm approaches, our maintenance crew ensures that boats and equipment are safe by: 0. Doubling the mooring lines and securing them to sturdy, high pilings 0. Removing items from the boat that can become debris during the storm 0. Sealing all openings on the boat with gaffer tape to keep them water-tight and finally dropping down anchors so that it stays in place. [[Go Back|fi1]] ]##(text-colour:black)+(background:(hsl:206,1,0.9078,0.7))[Fishing] --- \ (text-colour:black)+(background:(hsl:206,1,0.9078,0.7))[The fisheries’ building was built with the same [[hurricane resistant]] methods as the homes. With three floors, one below ground, the building provides shelter for boats with trailers inside or tied down strategically(BoatUS,2018) outside during hurricanes and is prepared to hold fish with back-up power system and refrigeration. The building also acts as the store room for ‘fish market’ and facilitates fish buying. It is fully stocked with all the sanitary handling equipment for the fishermen, bags and collapsible stalls for individual fishermen to sell their catch. Persons can depend on the fisheries building and The Fish Stop to have fish the same way that they depend on supermarkets. [[Go Back|fi1]] ]##(text-colour:black)+(background:(hsl:206,1,0.9078,0.7))[Fishing] --- \ (text-colour:black)+(background:(hsl:206,1,0.9078,0.7))[Local fishes like red fish, small dolphin, flying fish, tuna and many more had returned to our waters. <img src="https://fresh-snapper.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Caribbean-Red-Snapper.jpg"> \ (text-size:0.5)[Red Fish(known to be delicous but particularly filled with small bones)Credit:A Mar Seafood] Fishermen use boats which are powered by batteries and charged by solar panels. When they go out on the sea, they use a gillnet which is dropped deep in the ocean and after an hour pull it out. Some fishermen may send down a lobster pot to catch lobsters and somehow manage to catch octopus. [[Go Back|fi1]] ]##(text-colour:black)+(background:(hsl:206,1,0.9078,0.7))[Fishing] --- \ (text-colour:black)+(background:(hsl:206,1,0.9078,0.7))[The Fish Stop is one of the busiest restaurants in the Layou Valley. Some of the most enjoyable meals are made there from fishes eaten at home. From acra to a fish broth or grilled, the fish stop satisfies every craving. <img src="https://imagesvc.meredithcorp.io/v3/mm/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fstatic.onecms.io%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F19%2F2009%2F04%2F29%2Flemon-snapper-oh-1896023-4x3-clfff-2000.jpg" width="600px" height="500px"> (text-size:0.5)[Red Fish Dish With Lemon Credit:OXMOOR HOUSE] This store was opened by a group of local fishermen and is managed by that same group since the marina was built. After, the marina, Layou was better able to supply fish to outside of Layou but outsiders still frequent The Fish Stop for its unique flavors. [[Go Back|fi1]] ]